Essay Writing Blog

Writing an IT essay is not dissimilar to writing an essay in general. There are a number of useful guidelines that, if kept in mind, will help you to write it well.
The Essay Question
A good basis for the essay is to analyze the essay question/title and identify what is it asking you to do, as that will decide the essay type. IT essays will most typically ask you to recommend a solution or make a comparison between two or more theories, artifacts, processes, or systems. It is important to convey your point of view in a recommendation essay, even when possible solutions are fairly even. In a comparison essay, you should identify a criterion to be able to consistently compare the objects using abstract and/or real features.
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Researching Your IT Essay
As an IT essay, a certain amount of research would generally be necessary to provide a factual basis for any arguments that you make. To plan your reading, you should further analyze the essay question to identify its specific sub-questions; using those sub-questions, you can divide your research into paths that will continue until you have an answer(s) to each sub-question. A useful method to get to the end of a path is to follow references provided by the initial sources you uncover to gain more depth, but pay attention to your time constraints and the size of the essay in judging how much depth to seek. If your essay is based on an IT case study, your primary reading source is already allocated, but the method of analyzing the question to guide your reading is still valid in this case.
You should make consistent notes of the relevant concepts and results of your reading as you go along, and at the same time build up an initial bibliography.
Use your notes to make a plan by organizing the relationships between them. You can write an outline or you can draw a diagram, showing those relationships. You should refer to the plan throughout writing the essay to ensure you are addressing all of your points and to help give you direction.
With regards to your arguments, they should be balanced without strong bias, weighing up the research you have found to give fair elaboration to both cost and benefits. Your arguments should appear in the main body of your essay and always be related to the title/question, so it’s useful to refer back to the title/question after each paragraph to validate that it addresses the scope of the essay. Indeed, you should have a main argument that appears in your conclusion and the other arguments provide elaboration and justification for that main argument.
One of the biggest challenges is the daunting task of writing it all. It is helpful to not think of the final essay from the beginning and just get started on one point at a time, keeping in mind that you can redraft your writing at a later date so your aim is express your points according to your structure. Don’t be afraid to make small changes to the structure that differ from your outline, as it’s normal for your plan to be revised from your first draft to your final draft as new ideas emerge during writing.
Referencing and Drafting
If you paraphrase, quote or provide an argument based on another source, it’s important to accredit that source with an in-text citation and provide the full reference in your bibliography. Indeed, your essay is better if it does include such external support, as it demonstrates the body of knowledge behind the essay. The citations also let your examiner know you have definitely researched and will avoid any concerns over plagiarism.
It’s important to use good, correct English, therefore make sure you thoroughly re-read your essay for mistakes in spelling and grammar and that it reads fluently and understandably. You should aim to be succinct throughout, keeping your explanations as simple as possible while also providing objective support for your arguments. It’s a good idea to leave your essay for a at least a day after the first draft before returning to redraft it over, as that will give you a break and a fresh look when you return, which helps to spot something new or erroneous.
One last tip is to really think about what you are writing and don’t be put off by having to do so. Don’t expect that everything you write should just flow after your bulk of reading, as to produce a quality essay you have to undertake a certain amount provoking thought to formulate good interpretations, connections, logical arguments and conclusions.

When you are assigned your first essay you may panic and not know what your instructor is asking of you other than to write 2500 words on a specific topic.
Our goal is to provide you with a tool that will help you as you write your essay including helping you understand what an essay is and is not as well as provide you with an approach for the successful essay. Our approach includes planning, simple steps to research, converting research into your essay narrative and finally talking about why proofreading and editing are important
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What is an essay and how does it differ from other types of assignments?
An essay is a well researched paper that is prepared on a single health topic. Unlike other forms of written assignments such as the dissertation or thesis, the essay may incorporate the writer’s viewpoint. For example, within nursing or radiography, it is not uncommon for a professor to solicit a piece that includes personal reflection. The essay is not argumentative unless the instructor requests an argumentative paper. Additionally, rarely does the essay go beyond accessing and citing published research.
Planning your health essay
When writing the health essay your topic will usually be provided by your instructor. Your planning phase should properly take into account how long it will take to research, outline and write your paper. It is important you include a little extra time so that you’re not still writing the night or even the same morning that your paper is due. Make yourself a small chart that specifies the task, such as research, the number of days it will take to pull research, read it and understand it enough to include in your writing and the specific dates you will do that task. Add additional tasks, days and takes to include outlining, writing and proofreading as well in your schedule
Research
When writing the health essay compared to other essays such as for anthropology or geography, you have to consider how rapidly medical technology is changing. Research related to health is quickly outdated and to be successful, you need to incorporate current research not material that is outdated. Research is considered current if it is published within the last three to five years. While this is a help, your professor may specify fewer years or allow research that is older if applicable. Reputable health related journals should be used rather than online only journals or other health web sites where there are no helplines for publication and information could be questionable.
Outlining
Outlining is a great way to sketch out your essay. Much like an artist sketching his or her drawing, the outline roughs out the essay and then all you do is fill in the gaps and refine your sketch. It’s also less threatening to work from smaller sections and write your essay in this manner than initially stare at the blank page and wonder how it’s all going to fit together. Outlining provides a mechanism to stay focused, organize yourself and write the successful essay.
Writing your health essay
The writing process is one where you insert text you’ve gathered from your research but put into your own words for each section and point in your outline. Your introduction may have a section labeled “Statistics.” Research from the World Health Organization (WHO) for example, might provide you with statistics on the number of patients with breast cancer who were treated with radiation. Your essay would then state, “The World Health Organization (WHO, 200X), reports that radiation treatment for breast cancer is increasing, with over 250,000 patients treated annually in 2007 compared to only 100,000 treated in 2000.” The rest of your research can be incorporated into your health essay in the same manner.
Proofreading and editing
Your writing may be wonderful, but especially for the health essay it is critical that you proof read and edit your work! You need to make sure your essay has no syntax errors, that your grammar is appropriate, that your work is academic quality, that spelling is correct – especially or medical and health terms, and that your essay is formatted according to that specified by your instructor, such as Harvard, AMA, APA or other.
Submitting your work
In order to make sure you’re reading your essay with fresh eyes, and not just re-reading what you’ve just written where you skim over your work, we suggest allowing 24 hours to pass between when you finish your original proofreading and editing process until you perform a final edit.

You will need to carry out a good amount of research to provide substance for all claims that you put forward. Your research should be organized around the problems of the essay title/question, which you have broken down andyou can use each sub-question/element as a direction for a stream of research. To keep on track and at the same time seek out greater depth, you can follow the trail of links that are provided by the most published sources you find.
You should be able to detect that you have reached the end of a research stream once you have a clear conclusion/answer. It’s not uncommon to be given a Computer Science case study as the basis for your essay, in which case it would obviously occupy the majority of your research, although you should still apply the specific sub-questions/elements to direct your reading.
As you progress through your reading, you should already be developing a list of references with their full identification and grouping them into the related concepts. At the same time, you can begin making notes of the relevant information, points and results that you have found and expect to include somewhere in the essay.
Drafting your computer science essay
Before diving straight into your essay writing, you should have a clear plan how to get to your conclusion. Based on the notes you have uncovered, you can put together an outline for your essay to arrange your thoughts, elements of information and the connections between them. Your outline should serve as a constant reference point to keep you on track with the logic and order of points that you want to express, as well as the original title/question and the elements that you have broken down from it.
A good Computer Science essay makes strong and unbiased arguments covering several angles of a particular aspect and that is particular importantly when you are making comparisons between technologies, theories or other objects. Your arguments need to have a strong warrant, supported by the research you have made and never stray away from the main compass of the essay, which you should check after you have expressed each thought.
The fundamental argument should be clear to the reader from the beginning and be restated in your conclusion, while being broken down and supported throughout the body of your essay. You should be careful to remove ambiguities by defining what you mean as much as possible and making your assumptions clear for the reader to accept or reject. As soon as you think you have obtained strong enough answers from your research and can put together a basic outline, you should make a start expressing your essay response. You will be able to make amendments as you find other information and revise the points you are making iteratively, but the aim is to avoid putting off writing anything until the very end as this will make the task of expressing your thoughts more difficult.
Wherever you make quotes or reword ideas from secondary sources, you should take care to fully cite the source so that it can be traced from your bibliography to the originator, as that not only awards the correct credit to the source but clearly shows the extent to which you sought background to make the argument you present.
The quality of your Computer Science essay will be affected by the standard of language you use; therefore it shouldn’t have any mistakes of grammar or spelling (use a spelling and grammar checking tool as a minimum) and read very easily without difficult sentences or over-elaborate language. Try to express your arguments succinctly, while explaining non-obvious concepts to your expected reader without being repetitive. You should proofread the final version of your essay after taking a break for one or two days, as that will allow you to forget more of what you have written and see it more from the viewpoint of a new reader.

Defining the business thesis
In its academic form, business is a large and diverse body of knowledge that encompasses many topics and sub-topics relating to commerce. The business thesis displays certain peculiarities that it shares with related subjects, such as management and economics. For example, the business thesis:
* Makes heavy use of quantitative evidence, such as that derived from statistics and surveys, and can occasionally contain mathematical analysis.
* Includes a literature review section that situates the thesis against the backdrop of other relevant work in the domain.
* Incorporates extensive referencing.
* Focuses in on a very precise topic on inquiry.
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Researching your business thesis
Conducting research for a business thesis is largely driven by the character of the business thesis itself. For example, a business thesis suggested by the writer’s engagement with a particular business problem—say, the issue of marketing financial products to bank customers—may be very different than a thesis that arises as a response to a purely academic theory. In both cases, however, researching your business thesis begins with a problem statement.
What is to be solved? It is the nature of this problem statement that will determine the subsequent direction taken in researching your business thesis. If the problem to be solved is largely empirical—for example, the question of why certain shoppers buy certain items in a certain store—the business thesis may begin by conducting first-hand survey research. On the other hand, if the problem is more abstruse, the research may take the form of critiquing other academic theses on the subject.
Structuring your business thesis
While there can be a vast number of ways of researching your business thesis , the chances are that structuring your business thesis will be much easier because of certain conventions in this academic field. Typically, your business thesis will begin with the problem statement and a brief introduction to the subject of study, so that readers will know why it is important. This will typically be followed by a literature review, in which the writer will attempt to offer an overview of the previous business theses—sourced from books, academic journals, and other credible sources—that have treated the subject of study. After the literature review, you will typically describe your own methodology to solving the problem statement, taking the opportunity to point out where your method is indebted to previous academic literature.
The methodology section is a key part of structuring your business thesis, because this is where you must convince the reader that you are in fact addressing the problem directly. For example, if your problem statement involves attempting to determine why 500 consumers shopped as they did during the past six months, and you managed to interview 50 of the consumers directly, the methodology section of your business thesis must convince the reader that these 50 consumers are a statistically valid cross-section from which to reach conclusions about the rest. After the methodology comes your argument itself, which builds on the methodology by marshaling and presenting your evidence in detail and applying it to the problem statement. Particularly sophisticated theses will also be diligent in considering, and answering, evidence to the contrary in the body of the argument; this is a more honest and conscientious practice than pretending that all the evidence favors your own thesis. After the argument comes the conclusion, which reiterates your initial proposition. This is followed by a list of references.
The scope of the business thesis
One of the challenges of writing a compelling business thesis is being able to limit the scope of inquiry. Unlike, say, the writer of a philosophy thesis, the writer of a business thesis does not profit by attempting to engage the foundations of his or her discipline. Rather, the exemplary business thesis often fills in the smaller details of larger paradigms. This is because there is more general agreement on the basic concepts of academic business theory than there might be on a subject in the humanities; it is impossible, for example, to find a business thesis in the Harvard Business Review written from the economic viewpoint of socialism. Because of the broad neoliberal consensus in this field, the scope of the business thesis does not extend to challenging the foundations of the field, which can—at times—make for relatively uninteresting theses. Thus, the most pressing challenge for the business thesis writer is to craft an engaging thesis within a limited scope of insider-tilted inquiry.
Other Thesis Writing Guides:
* Education thesis writing help
* Finance thesis writing help
* Management thesis writing help
* Economics thesis writing help
* What Is A Thesis?
* Accounting thesis writing help
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Economics Thesis Writing Help
Defining the economics thesis
Economics lies at the heart of business and management theses, but it is at once a more narrowly defined and more accommodating pursuit. This apparent paradox can be resolved by considering the academic practice of economics in greater depth. The economics thesis is narrower than, say, the management thesis because the economics thesis is often fundamentally reliant on empirical and mathematical material whereas the management thesis can employ numerous rhetorical means towards its end. That said, the economics thesis is broader than the general business thesis because there is no sweeping consensus on what economics as a discipline should be like, giving leeway to non-technical economists.
The late philosopher Richard Rorty famously quipped that truth was what your colleagues let you get away with; in economics, one’s colleagues, unlike business and management theoreticians, come from all ideological backgrounds, and are willing to question the foundations of their discipline both closely and critically.
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Researching your economics thesis
Economics consists of a number of tracks and emphases. Econometrics, for example, is the direct application of statistical theory to economics. Political economics is a softer, less empirical variation of economics. The specific form of research undertaken in an economics thesis will depend closely on the kind of economics in which the writer is interested. Econometric research will be almost exclusively statistical whereas a thesis on political economy can draw upon some outlying material, such as public policy documents. Whatever the case, researching your economics thesis may be considerably more daunting than researching a thesis in general business or management, because of the considerable volume and sophistication of the extant academic literature in economics. This means that researching your economics thesis is not an activity that ought to be left until the last few days or weeks before you begin composing the thesis; rather, the research should begin as far in advance of the actual writing as possible. Working economists may conduct years of research before encapsulating their findings in thesis form. While this is an impractical model for students or other non-experts to emulate, it still demonstrates the importance of researching your economics thesis with the utmost diligence.
Structuring your economics thesis
As compared to the rigid and standardized formats in evidence in business, management, accounting, and finance, the economics thesis is far less constrained by convention. This is not just a matter of diversity among the body of working economists, but also a reflection of the discipline’s breadth and range. For example, there are economics journals grounded in such disparate subjects as human biology, philosophy, statistics, politics and public policy, hotel management, agriculture, and education. This is because economics per se is not a discrete subject, like business management; rather, since economic transactions exist at the basis of many other disciplines and activities, economics can—and does, judging by the variety of economics publications—turn up elsewhere, in sources as varied as the Old Testament, Marx, and academic economics journals. This presents both a challenge and an opportunity when structuring your economics thesis. The challenge is that, because the field of economics is both diverse and lacking in agreement over what constitutes the precise scope of inquiry for economics, the thesis writer must choose from an array of options when structuring the economics thesis. Fortunately, this is also an opportunity to render an economics thesis more engaging and captivating for the reader.
The possibilities of an economic thesis
Unless the thesis writer is constrained by a specific set of directives, the possibilities of an economics thesis are wide open and empowering. If you are given full leeway to choose an economics thesis, you can choose just about anything. How about considering the way in which economics tempers marital decisions in nineteenth-century domestic fiction? Conducting an in-store survey to determine how buyers of large-screen televisions square their purchases with their economic situations? Describing the economics of bartering in chimpanzee colonies? The point is that many situations, activities, and phenomena can either be re-described in economic terms, or approached through an economic point of view. The possibilities of an economics thesis can easily expand to cover the writer’s own area or areas of expertise and interest. Therefore, the advantage of thinking big when it comes to the possibilities of an economics thesis is that it lets thesis writers play to their own strengths when writing the thesis. This greatly improves the chances of the resulting thesis being appealing and interesting to the reader.
Other Thesis Writing Guides:
* Business thesis writing help
* Management thesis writing help
* Business thesis writing guide
* What Is A Thesis?
* Accounting thesis writing guide

This guide will help you to understand your college paper, and teach you how to form a title, how to research your paper and how to format your college paper correctly.
What is a college paper?
The term ‘college paper’ is used interchangeably with ‘term paper’. It is an paper you may be asked to write at college, to demonstrate your understanding of a particular issue or to document your research and reading on a particular topic.
Whilst many students, faced with their first college paper assignment, feel daunted, there really is no need to be. There is a very specific formula for writing a good quality college paper that is guaranteed to achieve a decent grade if followed closely. The key to a good college paper is good planning and so before you sit down and write a word of the final piece, you should devote just as much time to planning and researching what you intend to write about.
Forming a title for your college paper
The key to picking a good title for your college paper is to keep it simple and focused. You need to make sure your title is narrow enough to show that your college paper is focused on one particular topic or issue. So, for example, your paper will never be titled something as wide as ‘Philosophy’ or ‘Science’. Neither will it take a name like ‘The Arguments of John Mills’ or ‘The Reasoning of Stephen Hawking’. These titles are simply too wide. You are not really going to write down everything John Mills or Stephen Hawking ever discussed. You need to narrow it down much further to something like “Stephen Hawkin on singularity in space-time”.
A superior title will usually pose a question which you can then answer in your college paper. For example, “Is Stephen Hawkin’s theory on singularity in space-time universally accepted?”. This helps to focus your paper, so you don’t write absolutely everything you know about Stephen Hawkins or his theory - instead, such a paper will be looking at what other people have said about the theory and whether it is justified.
Researching/gathering information for your college paper
Start your college paper research by compiling a list of keywords that relate to your subject. Because you’re interested in synonyms as well, try Google’s Keyword Tool for this. When we type in ’singularity’ we get a whole list of related keywords that may help the research process by identifying areas that you need to look into.
Once you have a list of keywords, you need to start looking for material to use to enable you to write your college paper. There are various sources you may wish to consider:
* An amazing list of sources ‘beyond Google’ is set out here. All of these are free and full text is available online.
* Google Books - this gives you access to thousands of books that have been scanned in, which are searchable.
* Amazon.com - this helps you find new publications and you can ’search inside’ some books if you’ve ordered from Amazon before.
* Questia - for a small fee, this gives you access to thousands of books and journals.
* Open University Web Resources - this is a comprehensive list of online databases which includes some that require an Athens password, and some that don’t.
The types of source you may consider for your research paper are:
* Books - found online or through your library.
* Journals - found through the online database listed above.
* News articles - found through sites like CNN.
* Magazine articles - found through sites like Lexis Executive, if you have a subscription, or Questia (mentioned above)
* Government statistics - usually online, through sites such as FedStats
However, for each of these sources, you need to decide on the quality of the information. News reports and magazine articles are not considered to be reliable sources. They are good for generating ideas but you need to go and find the actual source of the data they quote, rather than relying on reports which may be inaccurate.
Once you have gathered together sufficient research for your college paper, you need to go through the materials and sift out any unreliable, outdated, excessive or unnecessary information. Keep your title in mind and ensure that the source material you choose is relevant to that title, and not just the topic area in general.
Refining your college paper topic
Now you’ve got a good collection of research material for your college paper, could you refine your topic? You may wish to do this if you have realized there is too much information available and your topic is therefore too wide. On the other hand, if your search reveals little relevant material, you may wish to consider widening the college paper topic to ensure you have enough quality material to analyze.
Creating an outline for your college paper
Many students get straight into the writing process without thoroughly planning their college paper. This is unfortunate because if you plan your college paper carefully, the paper practically writes itself.
Your basic structure will include an introduction, body and conclusion. Each element of the college paper has a different purpose and can further be broken down as follows:
The introduction to your college paper
The introduction to your college paper identifies what you are going to write about. It highlights the issue to be discussed and states what the paper will achieve. You might say in the introduction that you are going to explain two sides to a particular issue and reach a conclusion about which is the stronger of the two. Alternatively, you might say that you are going to identify all responses to a particular controversial issue and weigh up the merits of those responses.
The body of your college paper
The body is the main bulk of your work. To plan the body, write out the MAIN POINTS you hope to cover and a note of the source materials you are going to use to support these. A plan for the body of your college paper might look like this (you need to actually fill in the issues and the evidence you intend to present for them):
* Point 1 - Explain an issue relating to the topic
o Explain the main view on this issue
o Explain the opposing view on this issue
o Reach a conclusion on this issue - which opinion seems stronger? which is better supported?
* Point 2 - Explain another issue relating to the topic, following on from point 1
o Explain the main view on this issue
o Explain the opposing view on this issue
o How does this issue relate to point 1?
o Reach a conclusion on this issue - which opinion seems stronger? which is better supported? does this affect your views on point 1?
The conclusion to your college paper
This can take the following format:
* This paper set out to …… (brief summary of the goal of the college paper)
* Summary of main points made (keep it brief)
* Overall conclusion - and, if your title was a question, ANSWER THE QUESTION!
Writing your college paper, clearly and concisely
Once you have a plan in place, writing your college paper will be easy. You just need to fill out the points you have made, taking things section by section. It is a good idea to make notes as you’re writing the body to help you write the conclusion. So make notes of the main points you identify and conclusions you reach - you will then have practically written the conclusion before you get to it, and again, it will just be a case of ‘filling it out’.
To help keep you on the right track, look again at your college paper title and relate every point you make back to this. If you can’t relate a point back to the title or question you have set yourself, it probably isn’t necessary or relevant and you should get rid of it.
Writing your college paper ‘clearly and concisely’ means cutting out any waffle, unnecessary words, phrases or expressions, excessive material or lengthy direct quotations. Try and use your own words rather than someone else’s, and don’t use 50 words to say something you could actually say in 10. Most college papers have a word count, so you need to make sure every word is essential to the title - if not, get rid of it.
Formatting and referencing your college paper
Your college paper is nearly finished - you now need to make sure that all of the material you’ve used is properly referenced and then listed at the end. You will need to check the referencing style that your college prefers - for example, ACS, AIP, AMS and APA are all popular referencing styles.
There is a slight difference between a bibliography and a reference list. A bibliography contains all of the works you have used to write the college paper, whether or not you actually referred to them in your writing. If you have conducted any background reading, you should add this to your bibliography. The reference list contains only the works you have actually cited within the text. Make sure you include a reference to everything, and you make it very clear which words belong to you and which are actually someone else’s. If you ignore this point, you may fail or worse, be asked to leave your college, for ‘plagiarism’.
You need to also check the College’s presentation style for papers - some have a house style and others make specific requirements, such as in relation to font size, margins and spacing. Follow these closely - not only will they impress your instructor but they may also carry extra marks, which could be just the marks you need to achieve a decent grade.
Editing and proofreading your college paper
Last, but not least, you need to edit and proofread your college paper to ensure that the content is both exceptionally presented and technically correct. The editing and proofreading process includes:
* Eliminating unnecessary words, information, references, data and other material that is not essential for the title you have chosen
* Ensuring you have answered the question or dealt with the title adequately, and referred to it throughout your writing (remember, relating each point you make back to the title helps keep your writing focused)
* Running a spell check and grammar check using a word processing application
* Reading your work out loud and having another person read it over to check for errors
* Double-checking your college guidelines to ensure you have complied with everything that is required (including referencing and formatting)

To help filter the information you have found for your research paper, you are going to need to evaluate its quality. This involves a consideration of whether:
* The source is a quality source - it’s reliable, dependable and highly likely to be accurate.
* The source is unbiased - watch newspapers which may have political views. Ask yourself if the writer has presented a balance argument, or has deliberately played down one side of the argument to prove his own personal views.
* The source is relevant to your research - does it specifically tie in with your working title?
* You haven’t already got enough material to prove what this source proves - if you aim to back up each of your arguments in your research paper with 2-3 pieces of evidence (for a very high quality paper) or at least 2 for a student paper, then you can filter out any material that is excessive of this.
Creating an outline for your research paper
A basic outline will look something like this:
* Working title (as discussed previously)
* Purpose - this is a short statement to say what the paper is for. It helps people who are looking for research papers themselves to assess the relevancy of your research paper to their studies. Example purpose statement:
This paper shows the number of people claiming benefits recorded as resident in each constituency in the United States in July 2008, together with comparisons with the levels in July 2007 and July 1997. This paper also presents residence-based unemployment rates for all constituencies in the United States.
* Methodology - this is a statement of how you will carry out your research. You have already done some ’secondary research’ but you may also wish to carry out ‘primary research’ for your paper.
Primary research (sometimes called ‘empirical research’) is research you carry out yourself and data that is produced as a result of this, which has never been published before. Primary research may be carried out through face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, postal surveys, website surveys or focus/discussion groups. Be careful before carrying out research over the phone or through the post though - some states allow people to restrict how they are contacted.
Secondary research is the study of data that exists already such as books, journals, statistics, other research papers, websites, news reports, magazine articles etc. You have already carried out secondary research through the five step research process.
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How To Write A Research Paper Part 4
So which research method is best for your research paper? Instinctively you may think that the primary data will provide the most interesting results. However, if your time and budget are both limited, do not be tempted to embark on a study. You will do far better analyzing existing studies than producing a low-quality study that is limited in its value due to the amount of time and finance you can devote to it.
* Scope of research - all research is going to be limited to certain factors. A paper on ‘crime’ cannot investigate all types of crime, committed by all sexes, all ages, globally. So how are you going to limit your paper? What areas of the issue will you look at and which will you discard? Your statement of scope will be about 150-300 words long and explain exactly what you are going to cover in your research, and what you are going to leave out (usually with brief reasons). If you are carrying out primary research, you may want to set out the limitations of this here too.
* Introduction - this is where you set the scene for your reader. You explain what you are researching and why. You identify the issues you will be looking into and you say what you are going to prove. It is therefore a good idea to write this last, along with your final title!
* Background/history - this section of your research paper isn’t essential but might be appropriate. You might want to explain the development of the issue and how particular matters have arisen. Don’t bother unless it is necessary, to put the matter in context.
* Body - this section of your research paper will be broken up into sub-sections, each dealing with a particular sub-matter. Aim to present balanced evidence in each section on the points you wish to raise, and try not to reach any conclusions at this stage. The ‘body’ is the body of your research, not the analysis.
* Findings/Discussion - here’s where you analyze the research you have conducted and say how your findings are relevant to the issue. It’s a very important section, without which you will have merely stated other people’s findings and opinions without contributing anything yourself.
* Conclusion - this section of your research paper returns to the introduction and stated aims, and spells out very clearly how you achieved them, referring to the points you have proved and the evidence you have used to prove it. It should not be repetitive but instead, it should summarize the results of your research. You should also ensure no new material is introduced at this stage - if you have new material for your research paper, put it in the body and findings sections.
* Recommendations - this section of your research paper is very much optional and will depend on whether such a section would be appropriate for the subject you are studying. Law research papers almost always will include recommendations. What sort of recommendations should you make? These might include:
o How policies/the law/practice should be changed, based on your findings
o What further research must be carried out before making any sensible recommendations.
Your recommendations must actually relate to what you have established in your research paper. You cannot randomly introduce things at this stage that you think might be useful. They must be logical recommendations, based on your research and analysis, and they should follow on from the conclusion.
Now you have written out an outline for your research paper, you will literally be able to ‘fill in the blanks’ and your paper should evolve and progress naturally, following the headings you have chosen. Keep referring back to your working title as you write, as well as to your methodology and scope. This should limit you to material that is most relevant and ensure you don’t include excessive, unnecessary points.
Finishing your research paper
Now you’ve written up your research paper, you’ll need to do a little editing and proofreading to ensure the finished product achieves the grade you’re looking for. This includes:
* Weeding out any unnecessary material. Evaluate what you have written and whether it is needed, keeping the methodology, scope and working title in mind
* Proofreading your research paper. Read it out loud, have someone else read it for you, run a spell check, run a grammar check - go over the paper several times and make sure you haven’t made any errors. There are often extra marks for students in respect of presentation.
* Checking your referencing. Every source should be properly referenced. Quotations should be in “quotation marks”. Your work should contain a full list of references and a bibliography. References are sources you actually cite in your work whereas the bibliography includes sources which you may have read, and may have influenced your writing, but you haven’t specifically cited.

As your research paper needs to show a good depth of reading, good research skills are paramount! But before you start, a key thing to bear in mind is that you MUST reference all material that you use in your paper. So the first thing to do is find out what referencing style is required (either by your university or, if you are writing a research paper for a journal, by that journal) and start to record the location of your sources using that referencing style. If you do this as you perform the research, you’ll save yourself hours of time later on.
Here are some research tips to get you started:
RESEARCH STEP 1
* Form a list of keywords from your research paper’s working title
* Use a thesaurus to find words that mean the same thing as your list of keywords
RESEARCH STEP 2
Most students will begin researching using the Internet and indeed, this is a great way to get ideas for your research paper. So start with Google, type in your keywords and bookmark the most relevant information sites that appear in relation to the issue. Then identify all current matters that relate to your issue from those sites.
Note: Internet websites provide a fast source of up-to-date information but unfortunately they are not a reliable source. Use a search of the web as a starting point but unless the website is hosted and edited by a ‘reliable’ organization (such as the Government), don’t rely on its contents as a source for your research paper. Find another means of verifying the information.
RESEARCH STEP 3
Now you’ve identified a list of issues and current debates for your research paper, you need to find some quality source material. The first stage is to find the most recent books written about the issue you’re researching. Whilst books are not as up-to-date as journals and articles, they will contain valid points-of-view that need to be considered. So where do you find books for your research paper?
* Google Books - this is a good place to start as it has several thousand books that have been scanned in, together with details and snippet views of those which haven’t been scanned in.
* Amazon.com - Amazon is a good source because you can see which books are being released, and their release date, as well as using ’search inside’ to look through the contents of many books (this latter service only works if you have placed an order before)
* Questia - Questia has thousands of books scanned in although you have to pay a small subscription fee.
Your university may also provide you with access to a library and you can then search through their databases to find the most relevant and recent books for your research paper. The best way to scan whether a book is relevant to what you’re writing about is to look through the index. You’ll quickly see if there’s anything useful in the book for your research paper.
RESEARCH STEP 4
Now you have the latest books for your research paper, you need to start looking for journals. These really should be your main type of source material. Open University Web Resources is an excellent list of such journal databases, although you’ll need an ATHENS password to use some of them.
Our favorite journal databases for consistently excellent and up-to-date content are:
* ScienceDirect - 2,000 peer-reviewed journals, books, handbooks etc
* EBSCO- thousands of journals, millions of articles
* Emerald- thousands of journals in management and library and information services, engineering, applied science and technology
* Ingenta - 4,500+ journals in all fields and a further 20,000 abstracts
The latter source, Ingenta, gives you FREE access to the bibliography which is useful for your research paper even if you don’t have an athens login. Locate articles relating to your subject and check out the bibliography for further reading which you might be able to locate online without passwords.
You can sometimes obtain a free trial of these databases giving you temporary access. Also, the four websites also have a good number of journals that you do not need a subscription to view. These are often indicated by a special icon. For example (from Ingenta):
Free Content - Free Content
Free Trial Content - Free Trial Content
RESEARCH STEP 5
There is one final type of source material you need to consider, and that is the news. If you’re lucky enough to have an athens password, your first stop will be Lexis Professional (formerly known as LexisNexis Executive) which contains the full text of newspapers and other news sources worldwide; as well as company data, annual reports and business directory information from Disclosure, Extel, ICC, and Worldscope.
If you don’t have an athens password, any good news site will suffice - US News, CNN etc. Of course, if you are researching an issue which affects another country, you should be looking at that country’s main news website.
What you are looking for is any current developments that may affect the research for your paper. This may be statistics released by the Government, consultation papers, proposed changes in legislation, current developments or debates etc. Don’t forget, newspapers are NOT a reliable source of information. You are using them to find information for your research paper but you should substantiate this information once you have found it. If it is reported that the Government has released some statistics, go and find those on the Government website. If a consultation paper has been released, go and find the paper and read it.
Filtering the material for your research paper
The five step research process reveals a lot of information for your research paper and you’ll need to filter it down, or you’ll have too much to analyses. This does, however, beg the question - how many sources should you use? The answer to this depends on the level of your research paper. If it is an assignment for your degree, you should look at using roughly 9 quality sources per 2,500 words. If it is for some post-graduate course, you can easily double that. A professional research paper (for publication) might use 30-40 sources per 2,500 words. The emphasis in all cases, however, should be on quality and not on quantity. A good selection of research material from a variety of quality sources (i.e. not just books, not just journals, not just the internet and not just the news) is far better than a huge selection of research material from poor quality, unreliable sources of a similar type.

This guide covers research papers, and provides advice on forming a title for your research paper, how to plan your paper before you start, and filtering material for your research paper.
What is a research paper?
The terms ‘research paper’ and ‘term paper’ are frequently used interchangeably. However, the terms do not mean the same thing. ‘Term paper’ was used in the past exclusively to refer to the project (indeed research based) that was due at the end of a term, semester or quarter whereas ‘research paper’ had a more specific meaning, i.e. a paper written as a summary of research. Hence ‘research papers’ may be written at any level (before, during and after attending university), they may be published works in a professional journal and they may represent the results of practical research, which would not ordinarily be conducted for a term paper. This is the context in which we will discuss the term ‘research paper’ herein.
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A research paper is an academic written assignment that is the product of a research project. This may span days, months, weeks or even years. Typically, research papers will involve the examination of a particular issue, and discuss:
* The background or history of that issue
* Any outstanding questions relating to the issue (the research paper will commonly focus on one particular question and seek to establish evidence to answer this)
* The current data and statistics relating to the issue
* The problems relating to the issue as revealed by the data
* The problems relating to the issue as revealed by practical primary research (i.e. carrying out interviews, tests etc) or secondary research (i.e. looking at other people’s research)
* Proposed solutions to the problems, and the strengths and weaknesses of these
* Conclusions drawn from the data, research and evidence, as examined
* Recommendations in relation to these conclusions.
We will look at each of these elements in turn, in order to understand how a student or professional can write a good research paper.
Forming a title for your research paper
Unlike most types of assignment, the research paper title is usually decided upon AFTER you have completed the paper. This is so that the title accurately reflects the contents of the paper. However, your research paper will need a working title. This helps you to focus and helps others to understand what you are doing - for example, your lecturer/instructor or, if working at a higher level, those funding your project.
You should therefore return to this section when you have completed your paper. You then need to pick a concise, accurate title for your research paper that will make readers want to look at your content, help others find your paper in databases, and explain exactly what is covered by the paper with a high degree of accuracy. A research paper will commonly have a title of 15-20 words in length. Every word must be necessary for the title - and so for example, ‘Project on…’ ‘Paper on…’ ‘Research on…’ should be removed as these types of phrases are not necessary.
Example concise research paper titles:
* Unemployment by Constituency
* Transport in New York
Research Paper Subtitle
Unlike a research paper or essay, it is very common to give your research paper a subtitle. This explains your title more fully, puts it in context and qualifies the extent, or scope, of the research.
Example subtitles (relating to the above example titles):
* 2007-2008 trends using constituency maps
* Transport governance and provision since X was elected in 1999
Researching/gathering information for your research paper

An essay is an article which is very broad and can accommodate various topics. The writing format of an essay paper can be divided into three segments – Introduction, Body and Conclusion. Usually the citation used for science papers is APA.
Select the right topic for your biology essay
A biology essay can be made very interesting if you select an appropriate topic. Be certain what you wish to investigate. Browse journals and internet to select.
Select a topic you are genuinely interested in. Your essay should capture the interest of the readers. Biology is a vast subject and you need to decide on whether you want to write about a botany or zoology topic.
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Select a research question
The question you select for the essay should be appropriate and interesting. Spend time so that your readers attention is held captive. Consult your instructor for permission to write about something you are familiar with.
Create an outline for your biology essay
This is specially useful for beginners. You can write down points and then work on them. Creating an outline or a draft will prevent you from missing important details of the topic.
Review and revise
After you have completed your essay, check for all errors. If necessary modify any text. You should not be hesitant to redo any portion of your paper.
Cover page
This is an important aspect of your essay as it creates impression at a first glance. It must contain all the significant information such as name of the student or if it is teamwork then the names of the team members. Make sure that all names are spelt correctly.
* Title of the Project: You should not overdo the project title by using colored fonts. Keep it simple and neat.
* The name of the Instructor: Write the name of the instructor similar to that of the student.
* The affiliated University: Include the name of the University and if possible, the University code.
* Submission date: This should be stated as well as the date of compliance.
INTRODUCTION
It introduces the readers to the topic of your essay gradually. This way the readers understand what the essay is about. It has to be presented step by step. You need to provide background information, present interesting facts and explain the importance of the topic chosen.
BODY
This is the part where you will disclose your essay topic in details. A biology essay would particularly discuss different plant and animal life forms. You need to explain experiments/dissection which are performed to prove the theory of life. You should provide sufficient theory along with the practical results. You may further divide this position into subsections providing supportive arguments to each point. If you select a botany topic, you need to write about cell division, mitosis and meiosis and other cell life forms. In a zoology topic you may explain about hereditary factors, sexual and asexual reproduction and so on.
The biology paper has a better impact when it is written along with illustrations and diagrams. Free drawing software are available that will enable you to create simple drawings. It is important to give a reference for the source from where the drawing has been used.
Those student studying in graduate program will be dealing with specialized subjects such as Botany, Zoology and Genetics.
CONCLUSION
This will summarized all the work done. You must re-emphasize the most important work done.
The conclusion should be strong to leave an impact on your readers. If you follow the helplines according to the plan offered above, you will certainly succeed with a good ground for your essay.
Make sure to proof reading and edit the final copy several times.
CITATION
To make sure your work is original, this section is very important. You need to have a separate page to list all resources. Include introduction, body and conclusion also.
The document should be properly structured and references should be given as needed. Understand the requirements and objectives of the assignment and the academic level to wish it should be written. The methodology ensures that you get high grades.
Follow these tips so that your essay will be error free and perfect.
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What is a college essay?
What is a college essay?
The term ‘college essay’ (or ‘college application essay’) usually refers to a critical writing assignment required by a college as part of their admissions procedure. When you apply to college, the institution will see a great deal of impersonal information about you - for example, your grades, test scores and recommendations from your previous schools. However, this doesn’t tell the college very much about you as a person and so, the College will often set a written assignment.
Various types of assignment may be set for you - often they require some self-analysis to show people something about yourself personally. For example, you may be asked “tell us about you” or “what do you hope to achieve in life?”. These questions, on the face of it, seem quite simple but in fact, are difficult because they require that you analyze questions you have asked yourself personally, and the answers you have found to those questions.
In addition to telling your proposed college something about yourself, you will also be demonstrating your ability to write well and to evaluate the question set. Further, the college will be looking for evidence of particular skills or traits that they value in their students.
Planning your college essay
The first step is to decipher the question. What is being asked of you?
Let’s take, for example, the question: “What do you hope to achieve in life?”
First off, guaranteed, the college doesn’t just want to hear how you want to play on stage with Tenacious D. Whilst this would be a formidable achievement, it doesn’t tell the college very much about your values or aspirations. The sort of aspirations you want to include, in order, are:
* Academic - What level do you want to study to? What subjects interest you? Why? Who do you admire in the academic field? Why?
* Personal - What are your core values? (No, what are they really? Don’t just make them up - relate them to specifics in your life. If a core value is protecting the environment, are you a volunteer? Do you help out? Do you do anything to help the environment at all? If not, don’t include that. If a core value is caring for others, how do you do this? Do you visit older people who don’t have any relatives and spend some time with them? Do you help care for members of your family? Be specific!) How do you hope to grow as a person? What qualities do you want to develop? Why? How do you hope to achieve this?
* Interests - Here’s where you can include your dream of playing with Jack Black but relate it to your interests (for example, that you’re a keen musician and love sharing your music with others)
Create a brief structure of what you plan to include in your college essay. Unlike a regular essay, the introduction and conclusion will be very short. So you need to list the points you are going to make and the specifics you are going to mention in support of those points.
Writing your college essay
If you have a good structure planned out, writing your college essay won’t take too much additional effort. You just need to flesh out the points you have listed and ensure they are supported by specifics and examples. If you’re writing a college essay with a similar title to our example, don’t forget that the idea is to provide an honest reflection of your strengths and weaknesses. The College is looking for strong values, honest self-criticism, a positive, determined attitude and other such traits that make a good student. They are not looking for the perfect person, nor are they interested in someone who can only identify their strengths and not their weaknesses, or vice versa.
Formatting, editing and proofreading your college essay
When you’ve finished writing out your college essay, you need to go back over the material and cut out anything unnecessary.
This includes getting rid of:
* Pointless, empty statements. For example: “I am a dedicated, hardworking and honest person”. Great. Anyone can write this and such statements frequently appear in CVs and on job applications but they mean nothing. You can instead demonstrate how dedicated, hardworking and honest you are by providing specific examples of your achievements and the things you do to practice these qualities.
* Unnecessary or emotive description. For example: “I spent last summer undergoing intensive training on a grueling law course”. Your college essay really doesn’t need to be so emotionally charged and the college will be well aware of the demands of a law course, without you having to spell it out for them.
* Colloquial or unnecessary expressions. For example, “On the other hand” .. “I called it a day” .. “I hadn’t a clue” .. “I couldn’t make head or tail of it”. These have a place, but not in a college essay.
Before you decide that you’ve actually finished, read over your essay and ask yourself if it’s interesting. Would it stand out on a pile of 2,000 applications? Is it exceptionally well written, concise, of a sufficient length (without being too long) and a true reflection of you as a person? If not, go back and revisit the writing stage, adding in or taking out material that doesn’t meet these requirements.
Finally, don’t forget to proofread your college essay carefully. Read it out loud, give it to a friend or relative to read out loud, run a spelling check and a grammar check if you have a word processing program like Microsoft Word - ensure your presentation is neat and well formatted and ensure that you have complied with any guidelines that the College provide.

Essay-writing services are reporting a sharp increase in demand from overseas students at UK universities.
UKEssays.com says it has had a threefold increase in overseas students buying university essays - representing almost half of its customers.
Universities have accused essay writing firms of fuelling plagiarism.
But a spokesman for UKEssays.com says the rise in demand is caused by universities recruiting students with inadequate English language skills.
Overseas fees
“It’s another example of universities turning into businesses. They’re happy to get the fees from overseas students - but they don’t provide enough language support,” says Jed Hallam, spokesman for the essay-writing firm.
The rise in students buying essays, he claims, reflects the number of overseas students studying in the UK with “very poor written and verbal skills”.
Last year, the online essay firm says it had had 1,683 overseas customers - and already this year, in January and February, it has sold essays to 725 overseas students, three times the corresponding level of last year.
Mr Hallam says overseas students have paid high levels of fees and feel under great pressure to get a good degree - but find themselves struggling with written English.
As such they seek help from essay writing services, he says, with some students buying essays throughout their time in UK universities.
Mr Hallam claims that “one Chinese customer, who is sent an allowance over from his family, spends the majority” on essay services.
Plagiarism
There have been cases where students have had difficulty even understanding the question they have been set, he says, let alone being able to produce a degree-level written answer.
The essay-writing firm accuses universities of turning a blind eye to the problem of overseas students with poor written English - with financial pressure overcoming any academic doubts.
And Mr Hallam said that essay-writing companies are to recruit bi-lingual essay writers to serve this growing market.
Essay writing services provide custom-written essays for undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Charges range from ?120 for an undergraduate essay written in five days to ?3,200 for a 10,000-word postgraduate dissertation.
They say that they provide model answers and study aids, which students should not attempt to copy or submit as their own.
But universities accuse them of selling essays that are used dishonestly by students - and that students caught submitting such essays run the risk of not being awarded degrees.
About one in seven students in UK universities are from overseas - about 330,000 students who bring in an estimated ?10bn each year.
Higher education body, Universities UK, rejects the suggestion that universities recruit overseas students on anything other than their “individual academic merits”.
And it warns of the damage that can be caused by the mis-use of “online essay mills”.
“Plagiarism devalues the efforts of students who work hard to achieve their degrees. It also damages the student who commits plagiarism, as they will not benefit from the research and learning experience,” says a spokesman.
“Universities UK members have severe penalties for those students caught cheating.”